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Much of the image includes blank areas now with little or no radar response. The "yard" wall is still revealing strongly, however, and there are continuing ideas of a difficult surface area in the SE corner. Time piece from 23 to 25ns. This last piece is now almost all blank, but a few of the walls are still showing strongly.

How deep are these slices? Sadly, the software I have access to makes estimating the depth a little difficult. If, nevertheless, the leading three pieces represent the ploughsoil, which is probably about 30cm think, I would guess that each slice has to do with 10cm and we are only coming down about 80cm in total.

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Luckily for us, the majority of the sites we are interested in lie just below the plough zone, so it'll do! How does this compare to the other techniques? Comparison of the Earth Resistance data (top left), the magnetometry (bottom left), the 1517ns time piece (top right) and the 1921ns time piece (bottom left).

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Magnetometry, as gone over above, is a passive method measuring regional variations in magnetism versus a localised no value. Magnetic susceptibility survey is an active strategy: it is a step of how magnetic a sample of sediment might be in the presence of a magnetic field. Just how much soil is tested depends upon the size of the test coil: it can be very small or it can be reasonably large.

The sensor in this case is really little and samples a tiny sample of soil. The Bartington magnetic vulnerability meter with a large "field coil" in use at Verulamium during the course in 2013. Leading soil will be magnetically enhanced compared to subsoils simply due to natural oxidation and reduction.

By determining magnetic susceptibility at a relatively coarse scale, we can find locations of human occupation and middens. We do not have access to a dependable mag sus meter, but Jarrod Burks (who helped teach at the course in 2013) has some excellent examples. Among which is the Wildcat site in Ohio.

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These villages are frequently laid out around a central open area or plaza, such as this rebuilt example at Sunwatch, Dayton, Ohio. The magnetic vulnerability study helped, however, define the primary location of occupation and midden which surrounded the more open area.

Jarrod Burks' magnetic susceptibility study results from the Wildcat website, Ohio. Red is high, blue is low. The strategy is therefore of fantastic usage in defining locations of general profession rather than identifying particular functions.

Geophysical surveying is an applied branch of geophysics, which uses seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical and electromagnetic physical approaches at the Earth's surface to measure the physical homes of the subsurface - Geophysical Surveys: Definition & Methods in Carmel WA 2021. Geophysical surveying techniques typically measure these geophysical residential or commercial properties together with abnormalities in order to examine various subsurface conditions such as the presence of groundwater, bedrock, minerals, oil and gas, geothermal resources, voids and cavities, and much more.